汉坦病毒是什么？近期为何再次引发关注

汉坦病毒是一类由鼠类携带的人畜共患病毒，主要存在于黑线姬鼠、褐家鼠等啮齿动物体内。鼠类感染后通常不会发病，但可长期通过尿液、粪便和唾液排出病毒。人体在接触被污染的环境后，可能因吸入含病毒的气溶胶而感染。我国常见的汉滩病毒、首尔病毒可引发“肾综合征出血热（HFRS）”，该病属于我国乙类法定传染病。

感染早期症状与普通流感相似，包括发热、头痛、乏力、肌肉酸痛等，因此容易被忽视。部分患者随后可能出现明显腰痛、颜面潮红、低血压以及肾功能损伤等症状。不同类型汉坦病毒的致病能力差异较大，我国常见类型总体病死率相对较低，而美洲部分毒株导致的“汉坦病毒肺综合征（HPS）”病死率可高达 30%-50%。

近期汉坦病毒再次受到国际关注，核心诱因与安第斯病毒的流行及相关聚集性感染事件有关。安第斯病毒是汉坦病毒的重要亚型，仅在南美阿根廷、智利南部局部流行，也是目前已知少数存在有限人际传播证据的汉坦病毒之一。其传播需通过长时间、近距离密切接触（如共同居住、照料患者），密闭空间会显著升高传播风险，但传播能力远低于流感或 COVID-19。

世界卫生组织（WHO）与欧洲疾控中心（ECDC）等权威机构明确，目前安第斯病毒无大规模持续传播迹象，病毒未获得“持续人传人”能力，普通公众日常接触风险极低，无需过度恐慌，但需警惕南美地区本土传播的潜在扩散可能。需特别说明的是，网络流传的“2026年荷兰籍‘洪迪厄斯’号邮轮暴发安第斯病毒疫情、11例病例3例死亡”等具体数据，无 WHO、阿根廷卫生部等官方溯源依据，属于杜撰信息，不可采信。

对于普通人而言，预防汉坦病毒的核心是“防鼠、防污染、注意清洁”。家中应及时清理杂物和垃圾，封堵门窗、墙角和管道缝隙，避免鼠类进入；食物应密封保存，不食用被鼠类污染的食品。清理仓库、地下室、旧家具或鼠粪时，应佩戴口罩和手套，并先使用消毒液或清水湿润后再清扫，避免扬起带病毒的粉尘。

此外，农田作业人员、仓库工人、野外工作者等高风险人群，可根据当地防疫建议接种相关疫苗。若出现持续高热，并伴随明显腰痛、乏力、恶心，或近期存在鼠类接触史，应及时就医并主动告知暴露情况。汉坦病毒虽然不属于高传播性疾病，但保持良好卫生习惯、减少鼠类接触，仍是最有效的预防方式。

Hantavirus: What It Is and Why It Is Drawing Attention Again

Hantavirus refers to a group of zoonotic viruses carried primarily by rodents such as striped field mice and Norway rats. Infected rodents usually do not develop symptoms but can shed the virus through urine, feces, and saliva for long periods. Humans may become infected after inhaling aerosolized particles from contaminated environments. In China, common strains such as Hantaan virus and Seoul virus can cause Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), a nationally notifiable Class B infectious disease.

Early symptoms are often similar to influenza, including fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches, which makes early diagnosis difficult. Some patients may later develop more specific symptoms such as severe lower back pain, facial flushing, hypotension, and kidney impairment. Different hantavirus strains vary significantly in severity: strains common in China generally have a relatively low fatality rate, while certain American strains causing Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) can have a mortality rate as high as 30%–50%.

Hantavirus has recently regained international attention due to outbreaks and cluster infections associated with Andes virus, an important hantavirus subtype circulating mainly in parts of Argentina and southern Chile. Andes virus is one of the few hantaviruses with limited evidence of human-to-human transmission. Such transmission requires prolonged close contact, such as caring for an infected person or living in the same household, and the risk increases significantly in enclosed environments, although it remains far less transmissible than influenza or COVID-19.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) have confirmed that there is currently no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission or large-scale global spread of Andes virus. The general public faces extremely low risk in daily life, and there is no need for excessive concern, although local outbreaks in South America should still be monitored. It should also be noted that circulating claims about a 2026 outbreak on a Dutch cruise ship (“Hondius” vessel) involving 11 cases and 3 deaths have no official confirmation from WHO or national health authorities and are considered unverified misinformation.

For the general public, the most effective prevention measures are rodent control, environmental sanitation, and avoiding contact with contaminated materials. Homes should be kept clean, clutter should be removed, entry points for rodents sealed, and food properly stored. When cleaning basements, warehouses, or areas contaminated with rodent droppings, masks and gloves should be worn, and surfaces should be moistened with disinfectant before cleaning to avoid aerosolizing viral particles.

High-risk groups such as farmers, warehouse workers, and outdoor laborers may consider vaccination where locally recommended. Individuals experiencing persistent high fever combined with severe back pain, fatigue, or nausea—especially with a history of rodent exposure—should seek medical attention promptly and report possible exposure history. Although hantavirus is not highly transmissible between humans, maintaining good hygiene and minimizing rodent exposure remain the most effective preventive strategies.

汉坦病毒传播途径有哪些？会人传人吗？

汉坦病毒主要传播途径为经鼠类动物传播，主要包括以下3种方式：

1.呼吸道传播：吸入携带病毒鼠类的尿液、粪便、唾液污染后形成的气溶胶；

2.消化道传播：食用被带毒鼠类排泄物污染的食物、饮用水；

3.接触传播：被带毒鼠类咬伤、抓伤，或破损皮肤、黏膜直接、间接接触鼠类排泄物及污染物。

汉坦病毒感染一般不引起人与人之间传播，日常社交、公共场所普通接触不会造成病毒传播。

本次邮轮中由安第斯病毒引起的汉坦病毒肺综合征，曾有个别人传人案例报道，尤其是在特定的局部密闭空间中长期共同生活，可能会经密切接触或气溶胶吸入患者排出的病原体造成有限传播。

What Are the Transmission Routes of Hantavirus? Can It Spread From Person to Person?

Hantavirus is primarily transmitted through rodents, and the main transmission routes include the following three pathways:

  1. Respiratory transmission: Inhalation of aerosolized particles contaminated by rodent urine, feces, or saliva after they dry and become airborne.

  2. Digestive transmission: Consumption of food or drinking water contaminated by excreta from infected rodents.

  3. Direct contact transmission: Being bitten or scratched by infected rodents, or direct/indirect contact of broken skin or mucous membranes with rodent excreta or contaminated materials.

In general, hantavirus infection does not spread from person to person. Ordinary social interactions and casual contact in public places do not lead to transmission.

However, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by Andes virus has been associated with rare reports of limited human-to-human transmission. These cases mainly occurred in specific settings involving prolonged close contact in enclosed environments, such as cohabitation or caregiving. In such situations, transmission may occur through close exposure or inhalation of aerosolized particles from infected patients.

Overall, sustained or widespread human-to-human transmission has not been observed, and the primary source of infection remains exposure to infected rodents and their excreta.

Table 1: Comparison of Major Hantavirus Types and Severity

Virus Type Region Disease Main Rodent Host Estimated Fatality Rate Transmission Characteristics
Hantaan virus China, East Asia Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) Striped field mouse 5%–15% Aerosol/contact exposure; no sustained human-to-human transmission
Seoul virus Urban/rural areas worldwide Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) Norway rat 5%–10% Rodent-associated; no clear human-to-human transmission
Andes virus Argentina, southern Chile Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) Local rodent species in South America 30%–50% Limited human-to-human transmission via close contact
Sin Nombre virus North America Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) Deer mouse 35%–45% Primarily rodent-to-human via aerosols; no sustained human transmission

Table 2: Main Transmission Routes of Hantavirus

Transmission Route Primary Pathway? High-Risk Scenarios
Inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta Yes (main route) Cleaning warehouses, basements, old houses, dusty environments
Contact with contaminated food or water Yes Stored grain exposure, food contaminated by rodents
Rodent bites or scratches No (rare) Wildlife handling, direct rodent capture
Casual human contact No Daily social interaction
Close contact with Andes virus patients Limited risk Co-living or caregiving in enclosed spaces

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Table 3: Early Symptoms vs Common Cold

Symptom Category Common Cold Early Hantavirus Infection Severe/Characteristic Signs
Fever Mild, self-limiting Persistent high fever (>38.5°C) Severe systemic symptoms
Pain Mild sore throat/headache Severe headache, back pain, eye pain Progressive worsening pain
Physical signs None or mild Facial/neck/chest flushing Possible hemorrhagic signs in severe cases
Disease progression Self-limited May worsen if untreated Kidney or lung involvement possible